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Last update: 05/06/2026
Nitrosamines are the reaction products of nitrosating agents such as nitrites or nitrogen oxides and amino-based substances such as secondary amines. They are divided into volatile and non-volatile based on the threshold of boiling point (BP) = 250°C [1].
[3] ANSES,’ Programme de travail 2022 and ANSES ‘projets de recherche retenus 2023’ November 2023
[4] ANSES, ‘Rapport d’expertise: Clostridium botulinum (…)première étape pour l’évaluation des risques’, juin 2021. and ‘Avis relatif à l’évaluation des mesures de maîtrise en filière avicole lors de la détection de cas de botulisme‘ (Marsh 2022) and ANSES updated page (26/10/23)
[5] DGAL, ‘Plan de surveillance relatif à la contamination de la viande fraîche de volaille par Campylobacter, Salmonella spp.et Clostridioides difficile au stade de la distribution ‘ December 2021
[3] ANSES,’ Programme de travail 2022 and ANSES ‘projets de recherche retenus 2023’ November 2023
[4] ANSES, ‘Rapport d’expertise: Clostridium botulinum (…)première étape pour l’évaluation des risques’, juin 2021. and ‘Avis relatif à l’évaluation des mesures de maîtrise en filière avicole lors de la détection de cas de botulisme‘ (Marsh 2022) and ANSES updated page (26/10/23)
[5] DGAL, ‘Plan de surveillance relatif à la contamination de la viande fraîche de volaille par Campylobacter, Salmonella spp.et Clostridioides difficile au stade de la distribution ‘ December 2021
[1] MAA, ‘Plan national de contrôle officiels pluriannuel (PNCOPA) 2021-2025, rapport annuel sur données 2021 (published 11/2022)
[2] Ministère de l’agriculture – Bilan de la campagne 2021 des PSPC (published 16/11/2022) (updated 2022)
[3] DGAL, ‘ Instruction technique DGAL/SDEIGIR/2021-942 Plan exploratoire relatif à la contamination du lait cru de vache par Campylobacter spp. au stade de la production’ (9/12/2021)
[4] DGAL,’IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-691 Dispositions générales relatives à la campagne 2024 du dispositif de plans de surveillance et de contrôle’ November 2023
[5] IFREMER, ‘Rapport d’activités 2021’. LNR de Microbiologie des coquillages” April 2020 (updated march 22)
[6] DGAL, ‘Plan de surveillance relatif à la contamination de la viande fraîche de volaille par Campylobacter, Salmonella spp.et Clostridioides difficile au stade de la distribution ‘ December 2021
[7] ANSES – Bulletin épidémiologique “Surveillance de Campylobacter en France, 2000-2020′ July 2022
[8] RIVM’ Food-related outbreaks in the Netherlands 2006-2017′, 2020.
[9] Friesema et al., ‘Records of food-related outbreaks in the Netherlands, 2020’, 2021.
[10] NVWA, ‘Advies van de directeur bureau Risicobeoordeling & onderzoek van de NVWA over Voedselveiligheidrisico’s van rauwe consumptiemelk gedurende de bewaarfase’, 2022.
[11] NVWA, ‘Risico’s voor mens, dier en natuur in de visketen’, 2022.
[12] Hazeleger, W.C., Jacobs-Reitsma, W.F., Den Besten, H.M.W., ‘Level of Detection (LOD50) of Campylobacter Is Strongly Dependent on Strain, Enrichment Broth, and Food Matrix’, 2022.
[13] RIVM, ‘Surveillance zoönosen in melkvee 2021’, 2022.
[14] RIVM, ‘Registratie voedselgerelateerde uitbraken in Nederland, 2021’, 2022.
[15] RIVM, ‘Surveillance van enterale infecties en zoönosen. Jaarrapportage 2022’, 2023.
[1] ANSES, ‘De nouvelles connaissances sur des bactéries Brucella émergentes’ (13/06/2023)
[2] Ministère de l’agriculture, ‘Feuille de route pour lutter contre la Brucellose en Savoie et Haute Savoie’ October 2022
[3] ANSES, ‘Fabriquer des fromages pour étudier les risques sanitaires’ December, 13, 2023
[4] NVWA, ‘Advies van de directeur bureau Risicobeoordeling & onderzoek van de NVWA over Voedselveiligheidrisico’s van rauwe consumptiemelk gedurende de bewaarfase’, 2022.
[5] Friesema et al., ‘Records of food-related outbreaks in the Netherlands, 2020’, 2021.
[6] NVWA, ‘Risico’s voor mens, dier en natuur in de visketen’, 2022.
[7] RIVM, ‘Registratie voedselgerelateerde uitbraken in Nederland, 2022’, 2023.
[8] RIVM, ‘Surveillance van enterale infecties en zoönosen. Jaarrapportage 2022’, 2023.
[9] INRAE, ‘Prévention des intoxications alimentaires : impacts sociétaux des recherches sur la bactérie pathogène Bacillus cereus’ June 2021
[10] ANSES, ‘Appel à projets de recherche 2023″ (published 11/2022) and ‘Appel à projets de recherche 2024′ (oct.2023)
[11] ANSES, ‘Rapport d’expertise: Clostridium botulinum (…)première étape pour l’évaluation des risques’, juin 2021. and ‘Avis relatif à l’évaluation des mesures de maîtrise en filière avicole lors de la détection de cas de botulisme‘ (Marsh 2022) and ANSES updated page (26/10/23)
[12] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[13] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[14] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[15]EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[16] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[17] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[18] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[19]Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[2] AESAN. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025) – Versión 3 – 15 de marzo de 2023
[3] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2022. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[4] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2021. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[5] AESAN. Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre la prospección de peligros biológicos de interés en seguridad alimentaria en España (2) (AESAN-2022-008)
[1] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[2] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[3] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[4] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[5] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[6] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[8] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[1] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[2] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[3] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[4] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[5] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[6] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[8] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[1] ANSES-BE SSA, ‘Evaluation de la contamination des mollusques bivalves et des produits de la pêche -stade distribution- prélevés en France par des Vibrio potentiellement entéropathogènes (published 28/5/2021)
[2] Ministère de l’agriculture – Bilan de la campagne 2021 des PSPC (published 16/11/2022) (updated 2022)
[3] INRAE-IRSTEA, ‘Rapport d’activité 2020’ – June 2021 updated July 2022 ‘bilan INRAE 2021’
[4] IFREMER, ‘Rapport d’activités 2021’. LNR de Microbiologie des coquillages” April 2020 (updated march 22)
[1] INSTITUT PASTEUR & Al, ‘First description of a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis clonal outbreak in France, confirmed using a new core genome multilocus sequence typing method’ July 2022
[2] DGAL,’IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-691 Dispositions générales relatives à la campagne 2024 du dispositif de plans de surveillance et de contrôle’ November 2023
[1] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[2] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[3] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[4] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[5] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[6] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[8] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[1] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[2] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[3] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[4] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[5] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[6] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[8] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[11] RIVM, ‘Signaleringsoverleg Voedselveiligheid: Jaarrapportage 2021’, 2022.
[12] NVWA, ‘Advies van de directeur bureau Risicobeoordeling & onderzoek van de NVWA over Voedselveiligheidrisico’s van rauwe consumptiemelk gedurende de bewaarfase’, 2022.
[13] NVWA, ‘Risico’s voor mens, dier en natuur in de visketen’, 2022.
[14] Baede et al., ‘MRSA surveillance programmes worldwide: moving towards a harmonised international approach’, 2022.
[15] RIVM, ‘Registratie voedselgerelateerde uitbraken in Nederland, 2022’, 2023.
[15] AESAN. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025) – Versión 3 – 15 de marzo de 2023
[16] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2022. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[17] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2021. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[2] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[3] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[4] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[5] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[6] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[8] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[9] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[10] EFSA, Annual report of the Scientific Network on Microbiological Risk Assessment 2021. Dec 2021
[11] EFSA, Annual report of the Scientific Network on Microbiological Risk Assessment 2023. November 2023
[12] Ministère de l’agriculture – Bilan de la campagne 2021 des PSPC (published 16/11/2022) (updated 2022)
[13] SPF, ‘Salmonelloses à salmonella sérotype bovismorbificans liée à la consommation de viande chevaline’ October 2020 updated 22/10/2021
[14] ANSES, ‘ Avis relatif aux modalités de maîtrise du risque lié à la présence de dangers microbiologiques dans les fromages et autres produits laitiers fabriqués à partir de lait cru’ April 2022 and ANSES, ‘Un nouveau test pour mieux détecter les E. coli pathogènes dans les aliments’ July 2022
[15] MAA, ‘Plan national de contrôle officiels pluriannuel (PNCOPA) 2021-2025, rapport annuel sur données 2021 (published 11/2022)
[16] ANSES, ‘Mieux lutter contre les bactéries dans les ateliers de transformation des aliments’ January 2022
[17] Ministère de l’agriculture, ‘Feuille de route pour lutter contre la Brucellose en Savoie et Haute Savoie’ October 2022
[18] DGAL,’IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-691 Dispositions générales relatives à la campagne 2024 du dispositif de plans de surveillance et de contrôle’ November 2023
[19] DGAL, ‘Plan de surveillance relatif à la contamination de la viande fraîche de volaille par Campylobacter, Salmonella spp.et Clostridioides difficile au stade de la distribution ‘ December 2021
[20] DGAL, ‘IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-822 Plan de surveillance de la contamination par Listeria monocytogenes et Salmonella spp. des saucissons secs et autres pièces cuites ainsi que de certains produits à cuire au stade de la distribution. (01/2024)
[26] Friesema et al,. ‘Records of food-related outbreaks : in the Netherlands, 2018-2019, 2020.
[27] MNVWA, ‘Advies van de directeur bureau Risicobeoordeling & onderzoek van de NVWA over Voedselveiligheidrisico’s van rauwe consumptiemelk gedurende de bewaarfase’, 2022.
[28] NVWA, ‘Risico’s voor mens, dier en natuur in de visketen’, 2022.
[29] NVWA, ‘Rapport Visketen in beeld 2022’, 2022.
[30] RIVM, ‘Surveillance zoönosen in vleeskalveren 2022’, 2023.
[31] RIVM, ‘Surveillance van enterale infecties en zoönosen. Jaarrapportage 2022’, 2023.
[32] RIVM, ‘Registratie voedselgerelateerde uitbraken in Nederland, 2022’, 2023.
[37] AESAN. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025) – Versión 3 – 15 de marzo de 2023
[38] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2022. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[39] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2021. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[37] FDA report of sampling of Romaine lettuce in Yuma, AZ (microbiology) (October 2021)
[38] FDA report of FY20-FY21 Romaine lettuce sampling assignment (May 2021)
[39] FDA Microbiological Surveillance Sampling: FY21 Sample Collection and Analysis of Lettuce Grown in Salinas Valley, CA (September 2022; updated 2024)
[39] FDA Investigation Report: Factors Potentially Contributing to the Contamination of Packaged Leafy Greens Implicated in the Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium During the Summer of 2021 (January 2022)
[39] USDA FSIS – Pork Salmonella Performance Standards Risk Assessment (April 2020 – February 2022) (February 2022)
[39] USDA FSIS – Salmonella outbreaks linked to Italian-style meats (Salmonella infantis and S. typhimurium) (2022)
[39] USDA FSIS – Expanded chicken carcass sampling for Salmonella (August 2022)
[39] USDA FSIS – Investigation Report: Salmonella Enteritidis Outbreak Linked to Frozen, Raw, Breaded, Stuffed Chicken Products (July 2021)
[39] FDA – 2022 Seafood Survey for PFAS (analytical results) (July 2022)
[39] USDA FSIS: Report – Data Summary of Siluriformes Fish Testing: A Five-Year Review, FY 2016-2020 (March 29, 2022)
[39] FSIS: Quarterly sampling reports for Salmonella serotype information
[39] FSIS report: Survey of Not Ready-to-Eat Breaded and Stuffed Chicken Products for Salmonella (June 2023)
[37] FAO/WHO, “Microbiological hazards in spices and dried aromatic herbs”, March 2022
[38] FAO/WHO, “Report of the expert meeting on food safety for seaweed current status and future perspectives” – October 2022
[39] FAO, “Prevention and controlof microbiological hazards in fresh fruit and vegetables – Part 3: Sprout”, February 2023
[39] FAO, “Prevention and control of microbiological hazards in fresh fruit and vegetables – Part 4: Specific Commodities”, October 2023
[1] Scientific Committee of the FASFC, ‘Advice 08-2020 of the Scientific Committee established at the FASFC on the growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in Belgian homestead cheese’, 2020.
[2] Scientific Committee of the FASFC, Opinion 03-2022 of the Scientific Committee established at the FASFC on the growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk farm butter (File SciCom 2021/16), 2022.
[3] EFSA, ‘Safety of dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jan 2021
[4] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Jul 2021
[5] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a Novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[6] EFSA, ‘Safety of frozen and dried formulations from whole yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283’, Aug 2021
[7] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/882 of 1 June 2021 authorising the placing on the market of dried Tenebrio molitor larva as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[8] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1975 of 12 November 2021 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Locusta migratoria as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[9] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/188 of 10 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of Acheta domesticus as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[10] Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/169 of 8 February 2022 authorising the placing on the market of frozen, dried and powder forms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2470
[11] EFSA, Annual report of the Scientific Network on Microbiological Risk Assessment 2021. Dec 2021
[12] EFSA, Annual report of the Scientific Network on Microbiological Risk Assessment 2023. November 2023
[13] Ministère de l’agriculture – Bilan de la campagne 2021 des PSPC (published 16/11/2022) (updated 2022)
[14] ANSES,’ Programme de travail 2022 and ANSES ‘projets de recherche retenus 2023’ November 2023
[15] ANSES, ‘One health project’, – updated with “Humans and animals” 04/2021
[16] MAA, ‘Plan national de contrôle officiels pluriannuel (PNCOPA) 2021-2025, rapport annuel sur données 2021 (published 11/2022)
[17] ANSES, ‘ Avis relatif aux modalités de maîtrise du risque lié à la présence de dangers microbiologiques dans les fromages et autres produits laitiers fabriqués à partir de lait cru’ April 2022 and ANSES, ‘Un nouveau test pour mieux détecter les E. coli pathogènes dans les aliments’ July 2022
[18] ANSES, ‘Mieux lutter contre les bactéries dans les ateliers de transformation des aliments’ January 2022
[19] DGAL,’IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-691 Dispositions générales relatives à la campagne 2024 du dispositif de plans de surveillance et de contrôle’ November 2023
[20] DGAL, ‘IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-822 Plan de surveillance de la contamination par Listeria monocytogenes et Salmonella spp. des saucissons secs et autres pièces cuites ainsi que de certains produits à cuire au stade de la distribution. (01/2024)
[22] RIVM’ Food-related outbreaks in the Netherlands 2006-2017′, 2020.
[23] Friesema et al., ‘Records of food-related outbreaks in the Netherlands, 2020’, 2021.
[24] RIVM, ‘Signaleringsoverleg Voedselveiligheid: Jaarrapportage 2021’, 2022.
[25] NVWA, ‘Advies van de directeur bureau Risicobeoordeling & onderzoek van de NVWA over Voedselveiligheidrisico’s van rauwe consumptiemelk gedurende de bewaarfase’, 2022.
[26] NVWA, ‘Risico’s voor mens, dier en natuur in de visketen’, 2022.
[27] NVWA, ‘Rapport Visketen in beeld 2022’, 2022.
[28] RIVM, ‘Surveillance zoönosen in melkvee 2021’, 2022.
[29] RIVM, ‘Surveillance zoönosen in vleeskalveren 2022’, 2023.
[30] RIVM, ‘Surveillance van enterale infecties en zoönosen. Jaarrapportage 2022’, 2023.
[31] AESAN. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025) – Versión 3 – 15 de marzo de 2023
[32] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2022. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[33] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2021. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[1] Ministère de l’agriculture – Bilan de la campagne 2021 des PSPC (published 16/11/2022) (updated 2022)
[2] ANSES, ‘ Avis relatif aux modalités de maîtrise du risque lié à la présence de dangers microbiologiques dans les fromages et autres produits laitiers fabriqués à partir de lait cru’ April 2022 and ANSES, ‘Un nouveau test pour mieux détecter les E. coli pathogènes dans les aliments’ July 2022
[3] DGAL,’IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-691 Dispositions générales relatives à la campagne 2024 du dispositif de plans de surveillance et de contrôle’ November 2023
[4] DGAL, ‘Instruction DGAL/SDEIGIR/2021-963 du 20-12-2021 Plan de surveillance de la contamination du thon et du maquereau par l’histamine au stade de la distribution 2022’ Dec 2021
[8] AESAN. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025) – Versión 3 – 15 de marzo de 2023
[9] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2022. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[10] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2021. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[1] Ministère de l’agriculture – Bilan de la campagne 2021 des PSPC (published 16/11/2022) (updated 2022)
[2] ANSES,’ Programme de travail 2022 and ANSES ‘projets de recherche retenus 2023’ November 2023
[3] ANSES, ‘ Avis relatif aux modalités de maîtrise du risque lié à la présence de dangers microbiologiques dans les fromages et autres produits laitiers fabriqués à partir de lait cru’ April 2022 and ANSES, ‘Un nouveau test pour mieux détecter les E. coli pathogènes dans les aliments’ July 2022
[4] DGAL,’IT DGAL/SDEIGIR/2023-691 Dispositions générales relatives à la campagne 2024 du dispositif de plans de surveillance et de contrôle’ November 2023
[5] DGAL,’Plans de surveillance et plan exploratoire de la contamination de certaines denrées alimentaires d’origine animale et végétale par les Escherichia coli producteurs de Shigatoxines’ December 2023
[6] INSERM, ANSES, I.Pasteur, ‘Émergence de nouveaux clones d’ Escherichia coli producteurs de toxine Shiga ST301 présentant des traits de virulence extra-intestinale en Europe’ September 21
[7] Friesema et al,. ‘Records of food-related outbreaks : in the Netherlands, 2018-2019, 2020.
[8] NVWA, ‘Risico’s voor mens, dier en natuur in de visketen’, 2022.
[9] RIVM, ‘Surveillance zoönosen in melkvee 2021’, 2022.
[10] van Hoek, A. H. A. M., et al., ‘Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli from Dairy Goat and Sheep Farms in The Netherlands’, 2023.
[11] RIVM, ‘Surveillance zoönosen in vleeskalveren 2022’, 2023.
[12] RIVM, ‘Surveillance van enterale infecties en zoönosen. Jaarrapportage 2022’, 2023.
[13] AESAN. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025) – Versión 3 – 15 de marzo de 2023
[14] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2022. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[15] AESAN. Informe de resultados 2021. Programa 8. Peligros biológicos en alimentos (Plan Nacional de Control Oficial de la Cadena Alimentaria 2021-2025)
[16] AESAN. Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre la prospección de peligros biológicos de interés en seguridad alimentaria en España (2) (AESAN-2022-008)
[18] FDA Microbiological Surveillance Sampling: FY21 Sample Collection and Analysis of Lettuce Grown in Salinas Valley, CA (September 2022; updated 2024)
[19] USDA – Expansion of FSIS Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) testing to additional raw beef products (November 2022)
[20] Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration (IFSAC) Priorities for 2024–2028 [Campylobacter and STEC] (August 2023)
Cadmium: Vegetables, Fruits, Seafod, Cereals, Baby food
Lead: Spices, Herbs, Food supplements, Vegetables, Meat
Mercury: Fish, Food supplements, Spices
Arsenic: Seafood, Food supplements, Fish, Cereals
Glass/plastic/Metals: Bakery products, Prepared dishes, Meat, Dairy products, Vegetables, Cocoa
Dead insects and part of them: Cereals, Bakery products, Nuts, Legumes
Benzoic acid: Tomato sauce, Bakery cake, Fruit juice
Sulphure Dioxide: Shrimps, Apricots, Beef
Sorbic Acid: Bakery products, Candies, Wine, Diary products
Vitamins: Food supplements, Bakery
CBD: Food supplements, Gums & Candies
Sildenafil: Food supplements, Honey, coffee
Organoleptic aspects: altered, unpleasant odor, sensory changes, signs of thermal decomposition
Temperature: cold chain breakage, incorrect storage/selling temperature,
Packaging: anomalies, bulging, defective, unsuitable, poor sealing
Storage conditions: Insanitary storage, Improper transport conditions
Incorrect product labeling
Incorrect or non-mentioned expiration date
Unknown origin
Absence of manufacturing date
Unqualified label/discrepancies between labeling and certificate
Missing storage temperature indication
Tricyclazole: Rice, Cumin
Ethylene oxide: Spices, Food supplements
Chlorpyrifos: Lemon, Oranges, Peppers, Cereals
Acetamiprid: Peppers, Green tea, Rice, Cumin Seeds
Salmonella: Poultry meat, Nuts & Seeds, Meat products, Egg, Fruits, Vegetables, Legumes
Listeria monocytogenes: Dairy products, Meat products, Fish, Prepared dishes, Vegetables, Poultry meat, Seafood
Moulds & Yeasts: Bakery products, Dairy products, Cereals, Prepared dishes
E.Coli: Seafood, Dairy products, Vegetables, Prepared dishes, Meat products, Soups, Fish
E.Coli (STEC): Dairy products, Meat, Vegetables, Prepared dishes, Herbs, Cereals, Seeds
EFSA, “Explains risk assessment: Acrylamide in food”, June 2015 EFSA CONTAM, “Scientific Opinion on acrylamide in food”, June 2015 Sum of Us, “Acrylamide levels in food: Passing the hot potato”, November 2016 European Commission, “Regulation (EU) 2017/2158: mitigation measures and benchmark levels for the reduction of the presence of acrylamide in foods”, November 2017 European Commission, “RASFF – Food and Feed Safety Alerts”, [website] Specific analysis by Mérieux NutriSciences (Safety HUD) Food Drink Europe, “Toolbox 2013”, December 2013 European Commission, “Commission Recommendation 2010/307/EU”, June 2010 European Commission, “Commission recommendation on investigations into the levels of acrylamide in food 2013/647/EU”, November 2013 Food Drink Europe, 15th edition of industry wide Acrylamide Toolbox, March 2019 European Commission, “Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/1888 of 7 November 2019 on the monitoring of the presence of acrylamide in certain foods”, 2019 European Commission, “EU SCIENCE HUB: Standardized methods for process contaminants” Food Packaging Forum, “Californian District Court holds acrylamide lawsuits”, April 2021 N. Cahill, Federal Judgeorders pause of California lawsuits over Cancer warning labels, 2021
EFSA, “Explains risk assessment: Acrylamide in food”, June 2015 EFSA CONTAM, “Scientific Opinion on acrylamide in food”, June 2015 Sum of Us, “Acrylamide levels in food: Passing the hot potato”, November 2016 European Commission, “Regulation (EU) 2017/2158: mitigation measures and benchmark levels for the reduction of the presence of acrylamide in foods”, November 2017 European Commission, “RASFF – Food and Feed Safety Alerts”, [website] Specific analysis by Mérieux NutriSciences (Safety HUD) Food Drink Europe, “Toolbox 2013”, December 2013 European Commission, “Commission Recommendation 2010/307/EU”, June 2010 European Commission, “Commission recommendation on investigations into the levels of acrylamide in food 2013/647/EU”, November 2013 Food Drink Europe, 15th edition of industry wide Acrylamide Toolbox, March 2019 European Commission, “Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/1888 of 7 November 2019 on the monitoring of the presence of acrylamide in certain foods”, 2019 European Commission, “EU SCIENCE HUB: Standardized methods for process contaminants” Food Packaging Forum, “Californian District Court holds acrylamide lawsuits”, April 2021 N. Cahill, Federal Judgeorders pause of California lawsuits over Cancer warning labels, 2021
